We are more willing to live in a beautiful world. The problems of excluded or marginalized individuals and communities, those in difficult or even dramatic situations, can go unnoticed or underestimated. When the state undertakes actions targeted at them, they can be surprising, failing to gain the necessary approval, overcommitting scarce resources, entailing unforeseen costs, generating political consequences, and disappointing results and benefits. The most challenging situation occurs when the benefits of some mean unacceptable losses for others. The discussion about what is good and what is just is a discussion about the state and the society that constitutes it. Its foundation is the Public Value of actions.

